The integration of drones into surveying and mapping operations has revolutionized the industry, offering unprecedented efficiency, accuracy, and safety. However, leveraging this cutting-edge technology for commercial purposes necessitates adherence to specific regulatory requirements, primarily obtaining a drone pilot license. Understanding these requirements is crucial for surveyors to legally and effectively incorporate Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) into their workflow.
The Mandate for Commercial Drone Pilot Certification
For any individual or entity utilizing drones for business activities, including surveying, mapping, inspections, or real estate photography, a commercial drone pilot license is a mandatory legal requirement in most jurisdictions. This certification distinguishes professional drone operations from recreational flying, ensuring that operators possess the necessary knowledge and skills to operate safely within controlled airspace and around people and property.
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates commercial drone operations under Part 107 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR). This is commonly referred to as the “Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate” or simply a “Part 107 license.” Similarly, other regions have their own regulatory bodies and certification processes, such as the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in the UK and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) across EU member states.
FAA Part 107 Requirements in the United States
To obtain an FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate for commercial drone operations, including surveying, prospective pilots must meet several eligibility criteria and successfully complete a knowledge test.
Eligibility Criteria for Part 107
Before applying for the certificate, individuals must satisfy the following basic requirements:
- Be at least 16 years old.
- Be able to read, write, speak, and understand English.
- Be in a physical and mental condition that allows for the safe operation of a drone.
The Aeronautical Knowledge Test
The core of the Part 107 certification process is passing the Unmanned Aircraft General – Small (UAG) initial aeronautical knowledge test. This in-person exam consists of 60 multiple-choice questions, and a passing score of 70% or higher is required. The test typically costs around $175 and is administered at FAA-approved knowledge testing centers.
The examination covers a broad range of critical topics essential for safe drone operation, including:
- Regulations: Understanding the FAA’s Part 107 rules and operational limitations.
- Airspace and Requirements: Knowledge of different airspace classifications, sectional charts, and authorization procedures for controlled airspace.
- Weather: Interpreting meteorological reports (METARs) and understanding weather effects on drone performance.
- Loading and Performance: Factors affecting drone performance, such as weight and balance.
- Operations: Communication protocols, emergency procedures, maintenance, and inspection.
Preparation for this test often involves self-study using FAA materials, online courses, or study guides. Once the test is passed, candidates must create an account with the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) system to apply for their Remote Pilot Certificate, which involves a background check by the TSA. The certificate must be renewed by passing a recurrent aeronautical knowledge test every 24 months.
Operational Regulations for Surveying
Beyond initial certification, Part 107 also outlines crucial operational rules that drone pilots must adhere to for surveying and other commercial applications:
- Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): The drone must remain within the pilot’s visual line of sight at all times, without the aid of binoculars or other devices.
- Maximum Altitude: Operations are generally restricted to a maximum altitude of 400 feet above ground level (AGL), or 400 feet above a structure if flying within a 400-foot radius of that structure.
- Daylight Operations: Drones must typically be operated during daylight hours or in twilight with appropriate anti-collision lighting.
- Weight Limit: The drone, including its payload, must weigh less than 55 pounds (approximately 25 kilograms) at takeoff.
- Operations Over People/Moving Vehicles: While initially restricted, recent amendments have removed the need for waivers for certain operations over people and moving vehicles if specific training requirements are met.
- Airspace Authorizations and Waivers: Flying in controlled airspace (e.g., near airports) requires prior air traffic control authorization. For operations that cannot comply with standard Part 107 rules (e.g., beyond visual line of sight or higher altitudes), pilots can apply for waivers.
All commercial drones must also be registered with the FAA, with registration costing $5 per drone for three years. The registration card should be carried during flights.
International Drone Surveying Regulations
While the FAA’s Part 107 is prominent in the U.S., other regions have their own frameworks:
European Union (EASA Regulations)
In EU member countries, Iceland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, drone operations are categorized as “Open,” “Specific,” or “Certified” based on risk. Drone surveying often falls under the “Open A2” category for lower-risk operations or “Specific” for more complex flights (e.g., higher altitudes or beyond visual line of sight).
Key aspects of EASA regulations include:
- Registration: All drones weighing over 250 grams or equipped with a camera must be registered.
- Remote Pilot Competency: Pilots must pass an aeronautical knowledge test and be registered. For “Open A2” and “Specific” categories, specific training and assessments (like the A2 Certificate of Competency or General Visual Line of Sight Certificate) are required.
- Operational Authorization: For “Specific” category operations, pilots need an operational authorization after conducting a Specific Operational Risk Assessment (SORA).
EASA regulations focus on risk rather than strictly commercial vs. recreational use, with classifications based on drone specifications and potential mission danger.
United Kingdom (CAA Regulations)
The UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) governs drone operations. For commercial use, operators must obtain an “Operational Authorisation.” This involves training through recognized providers and a practical assessment.
Key requirements include:
- Operator ID and Flyer ID: For drones weighing between 250g and 20kg, both an Operator ID (registered annually) and a Flyer ID (obtained after passing an online theory test) are required for commercial purposes.
- Competency Certificates: Pilots need an A2 Certificate of Competency (A2 CofC) and/or a General Visual Line of Sight Certificate (GVC), depending on the operation’s risk profile and proximity to people.
- Operations Manual: Submission of an Operations Manual demonstrating safe operating procedures is often required for Operational Authorisation.
Benefits of Proper Drone Pilot Licensing for Surveying
Beyond legal compliance, obtaining the correct drone pilot license offers significant advantages for surveying professionals:
- Enhanced Safety and Professionalism: Certification ensures pilots understand airspace rules, weather patterns, and emergency procedures, leading to safer operations.
- Legal Protection: Operating without the proper license can result in substantial fines and penalties.
- Client Confidence: Holding a recognized certification demonstrates expertise and professionalism, building trust with clients who require accurate and compliant data.
- Operational Flexibility: For example, in the US, the Part 107 framework makes it easier for surveying firms to integrate drones in-house rather than outsourcing, offering greater control and efficiency.
- Insurance Coverage: Many insurance providers require proof of FAA certification before covering drone operations, protecting against potential damage or liability.
In conclusion, drone technology offers transformative potential for surveying. However, unlocking this potential legally and effectively hinges on understanding and adhering to the specific drone pilot licensing requirements set forth by aviation authorities. For professionals in the field, acquiring the relevant commercial drone pilot certification is not just a regulatory hurdle, but a fundamental step towards safe, efficient, and legitimate drone surveying operations.
